The five volumes provide a compendium of the history of and discourse about antisemitism - both as a unique cultural and religious category. Antisemitic stereotypes function as religious symbols that express and transmit a belief system of Jew-hatred, which are stored in the cultural and religious memories of the Western and Muslim worlds. This volume explores the phenomenon from the perspectives of Philosophy and Social Sciences.

This volume provides a compendium of the history of and discourse about antisemitism - both as a unique cultural and religious category. Antisemitic stereotypes function as religious symbols that express and transmit a belief system of Jew-hatred, which are stored in the cultural and religious memories of the Western and Muslim worlds, migrating freely between Christian, Muslim and other religious symbolic systems.

In their long history, Jews encountered political, social, cultural, and religious crises which threatened not only their very existence but Jewish identity as well. Examples for such crises include the Babylonian Exile, the so-called Hellenistic Religious reforms, the first and second Jewish war, the inquisition, and the Shoah, but also the encounter of modernity or socio-economic developments. Political, cultural, and religious crises did not coin Jewish culture, thought, and religion but forced Jews from the very beginnings of Judaism until today to rethink and shape their Jewish identity anew. This volume asks how Jews coped with events that threatened Jewish existence, culture, and religion and how they responded to them. Each crisis was different in nature and evoked hence different developments in Jewish culture, thought, and religion.

English summary: This book presents eight studies on the textual history of Jewish scriptures from Antiquity to the Middle Ages which engage in various aspects of Emanuel Tov's textcritical work. Contributions by Emanuel Tov, Armin Lange, Josef M. Oesch, Friedrich V. Reiterer, Hermann-Josef Stipp, Hanna Tervanotko, Kevin Trompelt and Jozsef Zengeller. German description: Die Textfunde von Qumran und der Codex Aleppo markieren zwei Wendepunkte in der Textgeschichte der Hebraischen Bibel. Die Textgeschichte dieser Sammlung judischer Schriften steht im Zentrum des wissenschaftlichen Lebens von Emanuel Tov, den die Universitat anlasslich seines 65. Geburtstags mit einem internationalen Symposium ehrte, welches seine Thesen diskutierte. Der vorliegende Band veroffentlicht diese kritische Wurdigung der textgeschichtlichen Forschungen von Emanuel Tov sowie eine seiner eigenen Arbeiten zu dem Thema. Mit Beitragen von Emanuel Tov, Armin Lange, Josef M. Oesch, Friedrich V. Reiterer, Hermann-Josef Stipp, Hanna Tervanotko, Kevin Trompelt und Jozsef Zengeller.

This book challenges scholars' assumption, without any explicit evidence, of institutionalized public prayer with fixed contents and times in the Qumran community. As the book observes, this assumption rests in part on a failure to distinguish between voluntary supplication prayers and biblically mandated blessings and thanks. The book closely examines the three Qumran writings assumed to typify prayer and critiques scholars' attempts to deduce the existence of public prayer from these and other sources, which are most likely pious expressions of individual authors. The lack of indispensable instructions for institutionalized prayer offers circumstantial evidence that such prayer was not practiced at Qumran. This study also explores the assumption that Qumran prayer was intended as a substitute for sacrifices after the group's separation from the temple cult and discusses relevant rabbinic statements. The innovative character of rabbinic fixed prayer is discussed and identified as an element of the fundamental transformation of Jewish theology and practice from worship founded on sacrificial rituals performed by priests at the Jerusalem Temple to abstract, unmediated, direct approaches to God by every Jew in any location. The book also examines Samaritan prayer and detects a variety of attitudes, rules, and customs similar to those found at Qumran that are incompatible with their rabbinic counterparts. This opens the door for investigating religious belief and practice at a crucial period in the history of Western civilization, namely, before the vast rabbinic reform of Judaism after 70 CE.

Until recently, most non-biblical manuscripts attested in the Qumran library were regarded as copies of texts that were composed after the books of the Hebrew Bible were written. Students of the Hebrew Bible found the Dead Sea Scrolls therefore mostly of interest for the textual and interpretative histories of these books. The present collection confirms the importance of the Dead Sea Scrolls for both areas, by showing that they have revolutionized our understanding of how the text of the biblical books developed and how they were interpreted. Beyond the textual and interpretative histories, though, many texts attested in the Qumran library illuminate the time in which the later books of the Hebrew Bible were composed and reworked as well as Jewish life and law in the time when the canon of the Hebrew Bible developed. This volume gives important examples as to how the early texts attested in the Dead Sea Scrolls help to better understand individual biblical books and as to how the later texts among them illustrate Jewish life and law when the canon of the Hebrew Bible evolved. In order to find an adequate expertise for the seminar The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hebrew Bible, the editors invited both junior and senior specialists in the fields of Hebrew Bible, Second Temple Judaism, Dead Sea Scrolls and Rabbinics to Rome.

The present volume addresses the surprising lack of scholarly discussion of the use and meaning of the terms, "Bible" and "biblical." It highlights not only the differing, contrasting, and even opposing ways in which the terms "Bible" and "biblical" are used in scholarly discourse but engages scholars from various countries with different religious orientations and from different schools of thought in reflections on the terms at hand from their particular perspectives. The contributions highlight the key differences between Jewish and Christian understandings of Bible and canon. Bible and biblical are theological concepts, not historical or linguistic ones. The language of "Bible" and "biblical" is appropriate and indeed necessary in theological discourses but should be avoided in historical, archaeological, or linguistic contexts.